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Address correspondence to Tao Xu, Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China. Fax: 86-27-87792024; email: txu{at}mail.hust.edu.cn
Glucose and other secretagogues are thought to activate a variety of protein kinases. This study was designed to unravel the sites of action of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) in modulating insulin secretion. By using high time resolution measurements of membrane capacitance and flash photolysis of caged Ca2+, we characterize three kinetically different pools of vesicles in rat pancreatic ß-cells, namely, a highly calcium-sensitive pool (HCSP), a readily releasable pool (RRP), and a reserve pool. The size of the HCSP is 
20 fF under resting conditions, but is dramatically increased by application of either phorbol esters or forskolin. Phorbol esters and forskolin also increase the size of RRP to a lesser extent. The augmenting effect of phorbol esters or forskolin is blocked by various PKC or PKA inhibitors, indicating the involvement of these kinases. The effects of PKC and PKA on the size of the HCSP are not additive, suggesting a convergent mechanism. Using a protocol where membrane depolarization is combined with photorelease of Ca2+, we find that the HCSP is a distinct population of vesicles from those colocalized with Ca2+ channels. We propose that PKA and PKC promote insulin secretion by increasing the number of vesicles that are highly sensitive to Ca2+.
Key Words: exocytosis • insulin • calcium sensitivity • PKA • PKC
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